是(shi)由機(ji)械、拖動(dong)回路、電氣(qi)控(kong)制部(bu)分(fen)組成(cheng)。拖動(dong)系統也可(ke)以屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)電氣(qi)系統，因而電梯的(de)故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)可(ke)以分(fen)為機(ji)械故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)和電氣(qi)故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。遇到故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)時首先應確(que)定(ding)故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)哪(na)個(ge)系統，是(shi)機(ji)械系統還是(shi)電氣(qi)系統，然(ran)后再(zai)確(que)定(ding)故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)是(shi)屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)哪(na)個(ge)系統的(de)哪(na)一部(bu)分(fen)，接著再(zai)判斷故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)出(chu)自于(yu)(yu)(yu)哪(na)個(ge)元件(jian)或哪(na)個(ge)動(dong)作(zuo)部(bu)件(jian)的(de)觸點上(shang)。

　　怎樣判斷故(gu)(gu)障出自哪(na)個系統(tong)?普遍采用(yong)的(de)(de)方法是：首先(xian)置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)于“檢(jian)修”工作狀態(tai)，在(zai)(zai)轎(jiao)廂平層位(wei)置(在(zai)(zai)機(ji)房、轎(jiao)頂或(huo)轎(jiao)廂操(cao)作)點(dian)(dian)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)慢上或(huo)慢下來確(que)定。為確(que)保安(an)全，首先(xian)要(yao)確(que)認(ren)所有(you)廳門必(bi)須全部(bu)關好并(bing)在(zai)(zai)檢(jian)修運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)中不得再打開!因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)在(zai)(zai)檢(jian)修狀態(tai)下上行(xing)(xing)或(huo)下行(xing)(xing)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)是簡單的(de)(de)點(dian)(dian)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，按鈕(niu)按下多長時(shi)間，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)多長時(shi)間，不按按鈕(niu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)不會動(dong)作，需要(yao)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)多少距離(li)可(ke)隨(sui)意控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，速(su)(su)度又很慢，轎(jiao)廂運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)速(su)(su)度小于0.63m/s，所以較安(an)全，便于檢(jian)修人(ren)員(yuan)操(cao)作和查找故(gu)(gu)障所屬部(bu)位(wei)，這是專為檢(jian)修人(ren)員(yuan)設(she)置的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)功能。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)回路(lu)(lu)沒(mei)有(you)其他中間控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環節，它直接控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)拖動(dong)系統(tong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)在(zai)(zai)檢(jian)修運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中檢(jian)修人(ren)員(yuan)可(ke)細微觀察有(you)無異(yi)常(chang)聲音、異(yi)常(chang)氣(qi)(qi)味，某些(xie)指示信號(hao)是否正常(chang)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)點(dian)(dian)動(dong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)只要(yao)正常(chang)，就可(ke)以確(que)認(ren)：主(zhu)要(yao)機(ji)械系統(tong)沒(mei)問題，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)系統(tong)中的(de)(de)主(zhu)拖動(dong)回路(lu)(lu)沒(mei)有(you)問題，故(gu)(gu)障就出自電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)系統(tong)的(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中。反之不能點(dian)(dian)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)，故(gu)(gu)障就出自電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)機(ji)械系統(tong)或(huo)主(zhu)拖動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。

　　一、主拖動系統故障及形成原因

　　點動運(yun)行中(zhong)如果(guo)確(que)認主(zhu)拖動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)有(you)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)，即主(zhu)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)有(you)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)，你就可(ke)(ke)以從構(gou)成(cheng)主(zhu)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)各個環(huan)節去分(fen)析(xi)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)所在部(bu)(bu)位。任何一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，包括各種功能的(de)(de)控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，都必須構(gou)成(cheng)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)或(huo)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動的(de)(de)閉合(he)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)在回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)中(zhong)任何一個部(bu)(bu)位被阻斷或(huo)分(fen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，都可(ke)(ke)以造成(cheng)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)被阻斷的(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)位就是(shi)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)所在部(bu)(bu)位，當(dang)然(ran)應首先確(que)認供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源本身正(zheng)常，否則(ze)無電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)或(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)大(da)小不(bu)合(he)適，這也是(shi)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時期容(rong)易出(chu)現故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)位之(zhi)一。構(gou)成(cheng)任何電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯主(zhu)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)基本環(huan)節大(da)致(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)：從供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源出(chu)發經(jing)空(kong)氣開關、上行或(huo)下行交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)接觸器(qi)、調(diao)速器(qi)、運(yun)行接觸器(qi)、熱繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)、到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)繞組(zu)構(gou)成(cheng)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。對不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)類型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯調(diao)速方(fang)法不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，調(diao)速器(qi)的(de)(de)型式也不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，不(bu)外乎是(shi)變頻調(diao)速、交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)調(diao)壓(ya)調(diao)速、直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)調(diao)壓(ya)調(diao)速或(huo)軟起(qi)動器(qi)，當(dang)然(ran)配(pei)套(tao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)也不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。主(zhu)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)也是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯常見故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)和(he)和(he)重(zhong)要故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。

　　因為(wei)主拖動(dong)系統是(shi)(shi)間斷(duan)(duan)不連續的經(jing)(jing)常動(dong)作(zuo)，因而電梯運行(xing)(xing)幾年(nian)后，接(jie)(jie)觸器觸點(dian)常有氧化、觸點(dian)彈片疲(pi)勞、接(jie)(jie)觸不良(liang)、接(jie)(jie)點(dian)脫落、逆變模塊及(ji)可(ke)控硅(gui)熱(re)擊(ji)穿或燒斷(duan)(duan)、電機軸承(cheng)磨壞等故障。這是(shi)(shi)快速找(zhao)故障的思(si)路之(zhi)一，因為(wei)任何機械動(dong)作(zuo)部件都(dou)是(shi)(shi)有一定壽(shou)命的，如(ru)繼電器、接(jie)(jie)觸器、微(wei)動(dong)開(kai)(kai)關，行(xing)(xing)程開(kai)(kai)關，按鈕等元件，還有經(jing)(jing)常運行(xing)(xing)的部件，比如(ru)轎廂的隨行(xing)(xing)電纜，經(jing)(jing)常彎曲動(dong)作(zuo)，就存(cun)在(zai)有斷(duan)(duan)線故障的可(ke)能(neng)。

　　二、機械系統故障及形成基本(ben)原(yuan)因

　　1、連接件(jian)松(song)脫(tuo)引起的故(gu)障

　　電(dian)(dian)梯在長期不間斷(duan)運(yun)行過程中，由(you)于(yu)震(zhen)動等(deng)原因(yin)而(er)造成(cheng)緊固(gu)件松動或松脫，使機械發生位移、脫落或失去原有(you)精度，從而(er)造成(cheng)磨損，碰(peng)壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)梯機件而(er)造成(cheng)故障。

　　2、自然(ran)磨損引起的故障

　　機械部件(jian)在(zai)運(yun)轉(zhuan)過程(cheng)中，必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)然會產(chan)生磨(mo)(mo)損(sun)(sun)，磨(mo)(mo)損(sun)(sun)到一(yi)定程(cheng)度必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)須(xu)更(geng)換(huan)新的(de)部件(jian)，所(suo)以(yi)電梯(ti)必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)須(xu)在(zai)運(yun)行一(yi)定時(shi)期后(hou)進行大檢修(xiu)，提前更(geng)換(huan)一(yi)些易(yi)損(sun)(sun)件(jian)，不能(neng)等出了故(gu)(gu)障再更(geng)新，那樣就會造(zao)成事故(gu)(gu)或不必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)的(de)經濟損(sun)(sun)失。平時(shi)日常維修(xiu)中只要(yao)及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)地調整、保養，電梯(ti)才(cai)能(neng)正常運(yun)行。如(ru)果不能(neng)及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)發現滑(hua)動(dong)、滾(gun)動(dong)運(yun)轉(zhuan)部件(jian)的(de)磨(mo)(mo)損(sun)(sun)情(qing)況并加以(yi)調整就會加速(su)機械的(de)磨(mo)(mo)損(sun)(sun)，從而造(zao)成機械磨(mo)(mo)損(sun)(sun)報廢，造(zao)成事故(gu)(gu)或故(gu)(gu)障。如(ru)鋼絲繩磨(mo)(mo)損(sun)(sun)到一(yi)定程(cheng)度必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)須(xu)及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)更(geng)換(huan)，否則會造(zao)成大的(de)事故(gu)(gu)，各種運(yun)轉(zhuan)軸承等都是易(yi)磨(mo)(mo)損(sun)(sun)件(jian)必(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)須(xu)定期更(geng)換(huan)。

　　3、潤滑系統引起的故(gu)障

　　潤滑(hua)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)是(shi)減(jian)少(shao)摩擦力、減(jian)少(shao)磨損，延長機械壽命，同時還起(qi)到(dao)冷(leng)卻(que)、防銹、減(jian)震、緩(huan)沖等作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。若潤滑(hua)油太少(shao)，質量差，品種不(bu)對號或(huo)潤滑(hua)不(bu)當，會造(zao)成機械部分的(de)過(guo)熱(re)、燒傷、抱軸或(huo)損壞。

　　4、機械(xie)疲勞造成的(de)故障(zhang)

　　某(mou)些(xie)機(ji)械部件(jian)經常不斷地長時間(jian)受(shou)到彎曲(qu)、剪切等應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)，會產(chan)生(sheng)機(ji)械疲勞(lao)現象(xiang)，機(ji)械強度塑(su)性減小。某(mou)些(xie)零部件(jian)受(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)超過強度極限，產(chan)生(sheng)斷裂，造成機(ji)械事故或故障。如鋼絲繩長時間(jian)受(shou)到拉應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)，又受(shou)到彎曲(qu)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)，又有磨(mo)損產(chan)生(sheng)，更嚴重時受(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)不均，某(mou)股繩可(ke)能受(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)過大(da)(da)首先斷繩，增加了其余股繩的(de)(de)受(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)，造成連鎖反應(ying)，全部斷繩，可(ke)能發生(sheng)重大(da)(da)事故。 從上(shang)面分(fen)析可(ke)知，只要日常做好維(wei)護保養工(gong)作(zuo)，定(ding)期潤滑有關(guan)部件(jian)及(ji)檢查有關(guan)緊(jin)固件(jian)情(qing)況(kuang)，調(diao)整機(ji)件(jian)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)間(jian)隙，就(jiu)可(ke)以大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減少機(ji)械系統的(de)(de)故障。

　　三、電氣控制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)的故(gu)障(zhang)及形成原因

　　1、自(zi)動開關門機構及(ji)門聯鎖電(dian)路的故(gu)障

　　因為關好(hao)所有廳、轎門是電(dian)梯(ti)運行的首要條件，門聯鎖系統一旦出現故障(zhang)電(dian)梯(ti)就不能運行。這類故障(zhang)多是由(you)包(bao)括自動門鎖在內(nei)的各種電(dian)氣元件觸點不良或(huo)調整不當(dang)造成(cheng)的。

　　2、電氣元(yuan)件絕緣引起的(de)故(gu)障

　　電子電氣元(yuan)件絕緣在長期運(yun)行后總(zong)會由(you)老化、失(shi)效、受(shou)潮或者其他原因引起(qi)絕緣擊(ji)穿(chuan)，造成電氣系(xi)統(tong)的(de)斷路或短路引起(qi)電梯故障。

　　3、繼電器、接(jie)觸器、開(kai)關等元件觸點斷路或短路引起的故障

　　由繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)、接觸(chu)器(qi)構成的(de)(de)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，其(qi)故障(zhang)多發生在繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)上，如果(guo)觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)通過大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流或被電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧燒蝕，觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)被粘連(lian)就會造(zao)成短(duan)(duan)路.如果(guo)觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)被塵埃阻斷(duan)或觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)簧片失去彈性就會造(zao)成斷(duan)路，觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)斷(duan)路或短(duan)(duan)路都(dou)會使電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)的(de)(de)控制環節電(dian)(dian)(dian)路失效，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)出現(xian)故障(zhang).

　　4、電磁(ci)干擾(rao)引起的故障

　　隨著計算機(ji)(ji)技術的(de)(de)(de)迅猛(meng)發展，特別是(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本大大降低的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)型(xing)計算機(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應(ying)用到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制部(bu)(bu)分，甚至(zhi)采(cai)用多(duo)微(wei)機(ji)(ji)控(kong)制以(yi)及串(chuan)行通(tong)訊傳輸呼梯(ti)信號等，驅動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分采(cai)用變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)變(bian)(bian)壓(VVVF)調(diao)速系統已經成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)流(liu)(liu)行的(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)設計.近幾(ji)年來變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)門機(ji)(ji)也成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為時尚，取代(dai)原來用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻調(diao)速的(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)門機(ji)(ji)。微(wei)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)泛應(ying)用對其構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)控(kong)制系統的(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)性要(yao)求(qiu)越(yue)來越(yue)高，主要(yao)是(shi)抗干擾(rao)(rao)的(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)性。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)運行中遇到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)各種干擾(rao)(rao)，主要(yao)外部(bu)(bu)因素有：溫度、濕度、灰塵(chen)、振動(dong)、沖擊、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)、頻(pin)率的(de)(de)(de)波動(dong)，逆變(bian)(bian)器自身產生的(de)(de)(de)高頻(pin)干擾(rao)(rao)，操作(zuo)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)誤及負載的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化等。在這些(xie)干擾(rao)(rao)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)會產生錯誤和故障(zhang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁干擾(rao)(rao)主要(yao)有以(yi)下三種形(xing)式：

　　(1)電(dian)源(yuan)噪(zao)(zao)聲(sheng)：它(ta)主(zhu)要是從電(dian)源(yuan)和電(dian)源(yuan)進線(xian)(包(bao)括地線(xian))侵入(ru)系(xi)統(tong)。特別(bie)是當(dang)系(xi)統(tong)與(yu)其它(ta)經(jing)常(chang)變動的大負載(zai)共用電(dian)源(yuan)時會(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)源(yuan)噪(zao)(zao)聲(sheng)干(gan)(gan)擾。當(dang)電(dian)源(yuan)引(yin)線(xian)較長時，傳輸(shu)過程發生(sheng)的壓降，感應電(dian)勢也會(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)噪(zao)(zao)聲(sheng)干(gan)(gan)擾，影(ying)響系(xi)統(tong)的正常(chang)工作，電(dian)源(yuan)噪(zao)(zao)聲(sheng)會(hui)造成微機丟失(shi)一部分或(huo)(huo)大部分信息(xi)，產(chan)生(sheng)錯誤或(huo)(huo)誤動作。

　　(2)從輸入(ru)(ru)線(xian)侵入(ru)(ru)的(de)噪聲(sheng)。當(dang)輸入(ru)(ru)線(xian)與自身系統或其他系統存在著公共地(di)線(xian)時，就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)侵入(ru)(ru)此噪聲(sheng)，有時既使采(cai)用隔離措施，仍然會(hui)(hui)受到與輸入(ru)(ru)線(xian)相(xiang)耦合的(de)電(dian)磁感應的(de)影響，如果輸入(ru)(ru)信號很微小時，極易使系統產生差錯和誤動(dong)作(zuo)。

　　(3)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)噪(zao)聲：它是由(you)摩(mo)擦所引起的，摩(mo)擦產(chan)生的靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，是很微小的但(dan)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓可(ke)(ke)(ke)高達(da)數萬伏。IEEE可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠性物理討論會提供的材料表明，在毛毯(tan)上行走(zou)的人(ren)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)達(da)39KV，在工作(zuo)臺旁工作(zuo)的人(ren)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)也可(ke)(ke)(ke)達(da)3KV，因(yin)此要(yao)有高電(dian)(dian)(dian)位的人(ren)接觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)腦板時(shi)，人(ren)體上的電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷向系統放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，急劇的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流造(zao)成噪(zao)聲，影響系統工作(zuo)，甚至(zhi)會造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)器件的損壞。

　　針對(dui)以上(shang)的狀況必須采用防干擾(rao)措施，防干擾(rao)措施自(zi)身也(ye)應該正確(que)可靠(kao)，否則(ze)會產生電梯的故障。

　　(4)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)件(jian)損(sun)壞(huai)或位(wei)置調整不當引(yin)起(qi)的故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣系統，特別是(shi)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，結(jie)構復雜(za)，一旦發生(sheng)事故(gu)(gu)，要迅(xun)速排(pai)除故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)，單憑經驗(yan)還是(shi)不夠的，這就要求(qiu)維修人員(yuan)必(bi)須掌握電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的工作原理及控制環(huan)節的工作過程，明確(que)各個電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)之間的相互(hu)關(guan)系及其作用，了(le)解各電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣元(yuan)件(jian)的安裝(zhuang)位(wei)置，只有(you)這樣，才能準確(que)地判斷故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)的發生(sheng)點(dian)，并迅(xun)速予以排(pai)除。在這個基礎上若(ruo)把別人和(he)自己(ji)的實(shi)際工作經驗(yan)加(jia)以總結(jie)和(he)應用，對迅(xun)速排(pai)除故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)，減少(shao)損(sun)失會有(you)益的，因為某些運(yun)行中出現的故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)還是(shi)有(you)規律的。

　　四、 電氣(qi)故障(zhang)查找方(fang)法：

　　當電(dian)梯控制電(dian)路(lu)發生(sheng)故障(zhang)時，首(shou)先要(yao)問(wen)、看、聽、聞(wen)(wen)，做到心中有(you)數，所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)(wei)問(wen)，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)詢(xun)問(wen)操作者或(huo)報告故障(zhang)的(de)人員故障(zhang)發生(sheng)時的(de)現象情況(kuang)，查(cha)詢(xun)在(zai)故障(zhang)發生(sheng)前(qian)有(you)否(fou)作過任何調整或(huo)更換元件(jian)工作;所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)(wei)看，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)觀察每(mei)一個零(ling)件(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)正(zheng)常工作，看控制電(dian)路(lu)的(de)各種信號指(zhi)示是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)正(zheng)確，看電(dian)氣元件(jian)外觀顏色是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)改變等;所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)(wei)聽，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)聽電(dian)路(lu)工作時是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)有(you)異聲;所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)(wei)聞(wen)(wen)，聞(wen)(wen)電(dian)路(lu)元件(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)有(you)異常氣味。在(zai)完成上述(shu)工作后，便可采用下列方法查(cha)找電(dian)氣控制電(dian)路(lu)的(de)故障(zhang)。

　　1、序檢查法：

　　電(dian)梯是按一(yi)定程序(xu)運(yun)行(xing)的，每(mei)次運(yun)行(xing)都(dou)要(yao)經過選層、定向、關門、啟動、運(yun)行(xing)、換速、平層、開門的循(xun)環過程，其中每(mei)一(yi)步稱作一(yi)個(ge)工作環節(jie)(jie)，實(shi)現每(mei)一(yi)個(ge)工作環節(jie)(jie)，都(dou)有一(yi)個(ge)獨立的控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)路。程序(xu)檢(jian)查法就(jiu)(jiu)是確(que)認(ren)故障具體出(chu)現在(zai)哪個(ge)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)環節(jie)(jie)上，這樣排(pai)除(chu)故障的方向就(jiu)(jiu)明確(que)了，有了針對性對排(pai)除(chu)故障很重要(yao)。這種方法不僅適(shi)用于(yu)有觸點的電(dian)氣(qi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統，也適(shi)用于(yu)無(wu)觸點控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統，如PC控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統或單片機控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統。

　　2、靜(jing)態電阻測量法：

　　靜態電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)法(fa)就是在(zai)斷電(dian)(dian)情(qing)況下，用(yong)萬(wan)用(yong)表(biao)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)檔測(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)路的(de)阻(zu)(zu)值是否(fou)正常，因(yin)為任(ren)何一(yi)(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元件都是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)PN結構成的(de)，它的(de)正反向電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值是不同的(de)，任(ren)何一(yi)(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)氣元件也(ye)都是有一(yi)(yi)定阻(zu)(zu)值，連接著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)氣元件的(de)線(xian)路或(huo)開關，電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值不是等于零就是無窮大，因(yin)而測(ce)(ce)量(liang)他(ta)們的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值大小(xiao)是否(fou)符(fu)合規(gui)定要求就可以判斷好(hao)壞(huai)。檢查(cha)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)路好(hao)壞(huai)有無故障也(ye)可用(yong)這個(ge)方法(fa)，而且比較安(an)全(quan)。

　　3、電位(wei)測量法：

　　上(shang)(shang)(shang)述(shu)方(fang)法無法確定(ding)故障(zhang)(zhang)部位(wei)(wei)時，可在(zai)(zai)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)情況下(xia)進(jin)行測(ce)量(liang)各(ge)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子或電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣元(yuan)器(qi)件的(de)(de)兩端電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)，因為在(zai)(zai)正常工作情況下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)閉(bi)環電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)各(ge)點電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一定(ding)的(de)(de)，所(suo)謂各(ge)點電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)元(yuan)件上(shang)(shang)(shang)各(ge)個(ge)點對地的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)，而且是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)一定(ding)大小要求，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)流(liu)向(xiang)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)，順電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方(fang)向(xiang)去(qu)測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣元(yuan)件上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)大小應符(fu)合這個(ge)規律，所(suo)以用(yong)萬用(yong)表去(qu)測(ce)量(liang)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)關(guan)點的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)符(fu)合規定(ding)值，就(jiu)可判斷(duan)故障(zhang)(zhang)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)點，然后再(zai)判斷(duan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)為何(he)引(yin)起電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值變化的(de)(de)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源不(bu)正確，還是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)有(you)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，還是(shi)(shi)(shi)元(yuan)件損壞造(zao)成的(de)(de)。

　　4、短路法：

　　控制環節電路(lu)都是開關(guan)或繼電器，接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸器觸點組合而成。當懷疑某個或某些(xie)觸點有(you)(you)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)時，可(ke)以用(yong)導(dao)線(xian)(xian)把該(gai)觸點短(duan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)，此(ci)時通(tong)電若故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)消失，則(ze)證明判(pan)斷(duan)正確，說明該(gai)電氣元件已壞。但(dan)是要牢記，當發現故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)點作(zuo)完試驗后應立即(ji)拆除短(duan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)，不允許用(yong)短(duan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)代替開關(guan)或開關(guan)觸點。短(duan)路(lu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)主要用(yong)來查找電氣邏輯關(guan)系電路(lu)的斷(duan)點，當然有(you)(you)時測量電子電路(lu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)也可(ke)用(yong)此(ci)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。下(xia)面介(jie)紹(shao)短(duan)路(lu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)查找門鎖(suo)電路(lu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)的方法(fa)(fa)(fa)。

　　在轎頂，用檢(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)點動電梯運(yun)行，用檢(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)速度運(yun)行到某一(yi)層樓，打開(kai)自動門(men)(men)鎖防護盤，用短(duan)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)一(yi)端(duan)接(jie)(jie)01號線(xian)(xian)(xian)，另一(yi)端(duan)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)觸(chu)點是(shi)否(fou)(fou)正常，當短(duan)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)碰B點C吸(xi)合，而碰A點C不吸(xi)合，說明該門(men)(men)層鎖觸(chu)點斷開(kai)了。松(song)開(kai)短(duan)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，修(xiu)復觸(chu)點或更換門(men)(men)鎖開(kai)關(guan)。但是(shi)采用短(duan)接(jie)(jie)法，只能(neng)查(cha)找“與”邏輯關(guan)系觸(chu)點的斷點，而不能(neng)查(cha)找繼電器線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈是(shi)否(fou)(fou)短(duan)接(jie)(jie)，否(fou)(fou)則會燒壞(huai)電源。

　　5、斷路法：

　　控制電路(lu)還可能出現一些(xie)特殊故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)，如電梯在(zai)沒有內(nei)選或外呼指示時就停層等。這(zhe)說明(ming)電路(lu)中某些(xie)觸(chu)點被短接了，查找這(zhe)類故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)辦法是(shi)斷路(lu)法，就是(shi)把懷疑產生(sheng)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)觸(chu)點斷開，如果故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)消(xiao)失了，說明(ming)判斷正確。斷路(lu)法主要用于(yu)“與”邏輯關系的(de)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)點。

　　6、替代法：

　　根據上述方法(fa)，發現故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)出于某點或(huo)某塊電(dian)路板(ban)(ban)，此(ci)時可把認為有問題的(de)(de)(de)元件(jian)(jian)或(huo)電(dian)路板(ban)(ban)取下(xia)，用新的(de)(de)(de)或(huo)確認無故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)元件(jian)(jian)或(huo)電(dian)路板(ban)(ban)代替，如果故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)消失則認為判斷正確。反(fan)之則需要繼續查找，往(wang)往(wang)維修(xiu)人員對易損的(de)(de)(de)元器(qi)件(jian)(jian)或(huo)重要的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)子板(ban)(ban)都備(bei)(bei)有備(bei)(bei)用件(jian)(jian)，一(yi)旦有故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)馬上換上一(yi)塊就解決了問題，故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)件(jian)(jian)帶回來再慢慢查找修(xiu)復，這也是一(yi)種快(kuai)速(su)排(pai)故(gu)(gu)(gu)方法(fa)。

　　7、經驗排故法：

　　為了(le)能夠做(zuo)到(dao)迅(xun)速排故(gu)(gu)(gu)，除了(le)不斷總結(jie)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)實踐(jian)經驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，還(huan)要不斷學習(xi)別人的(de)(de)(de)實踐(jian)經驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，實踐(jian)經驗(yan)(yan)(yan)往往使電梯的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)有一定規律的(de)(de)(de)總結(jie)，有的(de)(de)(de)經驗(yan)(yan)(yan)是用血汗換(huan)來的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要教(jiao)訓(xun)，我(wo)們(men)也(ye)更應重(zhong)視。往往這(zhe)(zhe)些經驗(yan)(yan)(yan)可以使我(wo)們(men)去快速排除故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)，減少事故(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)損失。當然嚴(yan)格來說應該杜絕電梯事故(gu)(gu)(gu)，這(zhe)(zhe)是我(wo)們(men)維修(xiu)人員應有的(de)(de)(de)職責。這(zhe)(zhe)次(ci)我(wo)們(men)編寫這(zhe)(zhe)本書就是收集了(le)國內外很多(duo)同行們(men)的(de)(de)(de)維修(xiu)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)排除經驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，以提高我(wo)們(men)公(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)安裝維修(xiu)員工技(ji)術水(shui)(shui)平(ping)，同時(shi)提高公(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)服務(wu)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)和(he)信(xin)譽度(du)。

　　8、電氣系統排故基(ji)本(ben)思(si)路：

　　電氣控制系(xi)統(tong)有時故障比(bi)較復雜加上現在(zai)(zai)電梯都是(shi)微機控制，軟硬件(jian)交叉在(zai)(zai)一起，遇到故障首先(xian)思想不要緊張，排故時堅持：先(xian)易(yi)后難、先(xian)外后內、綜(zong)合(he)考(kao)慮、有所聯想。

　　電(dian)梯運行中比較(jiao)多的故(gu)障(zhang)是開關接點(dian)接觸(chu)不良引起的故(gu)障(zhang)，所以判斷故(gu)障(zhang)時應根據故(gu)障(zhang)及柜內指示(shi)燈(deng)顯示(shi)的情況(kuang)，先(xian)對(dui)外(wai)部(bu)(bu)線路、電(dian)源部(bu)(bu)分(fen)，進行檢查(cha)，即門觸(chu)點(dian)、安全(quan)回路、交(jiao)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)源等，只要熟悉電(dian)路，順藤(teng)摸瓜(gua)很(hen)快即可解(jie)決。

　　有些故障(zhang)(zhang)不像繼電器線路(lu)那(nei)么(me)簡(jian)單直(zhi)觀、PC電梯(ti)的(de)許多保護(hu)環(huan)節都是隱(yin)含在它的(de)軟(ruan)硬件(jian)系統中，其故障(zhang)(zhang)和(he)原(yuan)因正(zheng)如結果和(he)條(tiao)件(jian)是嚴格對(dui)應的(de)，找故障(zhang)(zhang)時有秩序地(di)對(dui)他們之間的(de)關(guan)系進行聯(lian)想(xiang)和(he)猜測，逐一排除疑點(dian)直(zhi)至(zhi)排除故障(zhang)(zhang)。

　　9、測試接(jie)觸不(bu)良的方法(fa)：

　　(1)在控制柜電源進線板上，通常接(jie)有電壓表，觀察運行中的(de)電壓，若某項電壓偏(pian)低且(qie)波動較大，該項可(ke)能就有虛接(jie)部位(wei)。

　　(2)用點溫計測試每個連(lian)接處的溫度，找出發熱部位(wei)，打磨接觸面，擰(ning)緊螺絲釘。

　　(3)用低(di)壓(ya)大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)測(ce)(ce)試虛接(jie)部位，將(jiang)總電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)斷開，再(zai)將(jiang)進入控制柜的(de)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)斷開，按(an)圖1-2裝一(yi)套電(dian)(dian)流(liu)發生器，用10mm2銅芯電(dian)(dian)線臨(lin)時(shi)搭接(jie)在接(jie)觸(chu)面的(de)兩(liang)端(duan)，調壓(ya)器慢慢升壓(ya)，短路電(dian)(dian)流(liu)達到50A時(shi)，記(ji)錄(lu)輸入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值(zhi)。按(an)上述方法對每(mei)一(yi)個(ge)連接(jie)處都(dou)測(ce)(ce)一(yi)次，記(ji)錄(lu)每(mei)個(ge)接(jie)點電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值(zhi)，那一(yi)處電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高，就是接(jie)觸(chu)不良。

　　(4)隨行軟電纜內部(bu)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)斷(duan)虛接(jie)(jie)測試(shi)法。當懷疑某(mou)根電線中間有時通(tong)(tong)時斷(duan)現象，按圖1-2接(jie)(jie)線，短路電流升至8A時，調壓器定位不(bu)動(dong)，連(lian)續折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)合15次，每次接(jie)(jie)通(tong)(tong)時間2~3分，如果發現電流表(biao)不(bu)啟動(dong)，說明(ming)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)斷(duan)位置已被(bei)測試(shi)電源燒(shao)斷(duan)，若電流值不(bu)變，證明(ming)此(ci)線沒有折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)斷(duan)。